Eric Foner Chapter 10 Review

• How did John Quincy Adams envision the United States becoming the “freest and mightiest nation in the world”? 

John Quincy Adams had told legislation to promote anything that would involve harvest for the market such as commerce agriculture, and mechanical and elegant arts that would make the nation strong.     

• How did democrats and Whigs differ in their understanding of American freedom and its relationship to governmental power?

Whigs believed that the federal government could guide economic development with protective tariffs, a nation-wide bank, and the aid to internal improvements, while the democrats believed that the government shouldn't award special favors to "entrenched economic interest" and that they should adopt a "hand-off attitude" towards the economy.

• What were the main arguments for and against Indian removal?

The main argument for Indian removal is the labeling of Indians as hostile whenever they wanted to reclaim their land, and the "argument against Indian removal" is that the Court was only occupying land and not owning it.

• How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crisis demonstrate increasing sectional differences in antebellum America?

Missouri would have ruined the balance of 11:11 free and slave states if it were to join Union in its condition of a slave state. Maine was turned into a free state, and it made greater controversy with the nullification of the series of tariffs that were imposed by Congress. Although it was nullified, taxes were still being collected by Andrew Jackson.

Eric Foner Chapter 9 Review

• What were the major social effects of the market revolution?

The market revolution enabled Americans to transport goods and possibly, items used for communication throughout the new transportation technology and low costs that helped. Slaves were able to communicate, and thus were transported because slavery was not yet fully abolished. Product consumption evolved and it became easier to reach markets and deliver important information.

• How did ideas of American freedom change in this period?

The world began to notice that American freedom was enjoyed better than any country. The white "colored" inhabitants of the United States were believed to soon develop the idea that they were a unique species from the human race. This period was the greatest foreshadowing of women's rights soon to become and the unity of races .

• What revolutionary changed did American slavery undergo in this period?

Slaves and freed slaves were discriminated, especially by the Southerners whom some are still racist today. Slaves were still transported and Marquis de Lafayette had freed slaves and written about his opposition to slavery, but was not able to be honored because the people of "color" were restricted from going near the ceremonies or locations of the honoring.

• What role did immigration play in the market revolution?

Americans were opposed to the immigration into "their" country. A limit was placed to allow a minimum amount of immigrants into the United States by the effects of the rebellions held by greedy Americans. To the Americans, immigrants were an annoyance, or in other words, flies and parasites.

• The Second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses. Explain this statement.

The once who crated the Second Great Awakening raised funds for themselves by taking advantage of it. It is merely a paradox created amongst themselves because they were opposed, but would not resist the market.

Princeton Review Chapter 10

The shift in presidential elections began in 1824 when John Quincy Adams progressed to his presidency. The congressional caucuses chose the party's nominee that would lead to the next president during the election of 1824. However, when the Democratic-Republican caucus chose the nominee William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and many other nominees challenged the nomination, and resulted in the demise of the caucus system because it was accused of being "undemocratic". John Quincy Adams was given victory but then it was removed when the Speaker of the House of Clay did not support him due to his "corrupt bargain", as quoted by the opponents of the caucus system and the Speaker's choice.

After Adam's presidency, Andrew Jackson assembled a network with people to assure that he would receive wide population for his campaign. The Democratic party we have today results in the rallying of political organizations, newspaper publishers, and community leaders. The war between Jackson and Adams soon flared when Jackson accused Adams of being a "corrupt career politician" while Adams shot back by releasing the Coffin Handbill, which accused Jackson of murdering his men that were enlisted during the Indian Wars. During the Jacksonian democracy, the benefits to the government were coming from the universal white manhood suffrage, which is the extension of voting rights to all white males, even if they did not own property or had their limits.

Jackson's policy has not received more criticism by modern scholars than his treatment to the Cherokees by passing the Indian Removal Act through Congress in 1830. The Indians were still treated the same and no treaties were made, especially in the aftermath of the French and Indian War.

President Andrew Jackson was focused on nullification, which is the right of individual states to disobey federal laws that are found unconstitutional. The judicial review is a review of legislative and executive actions. Americans began rebelling against the Tariff of 1828, but Jackson believed in the states' rights and decided to send troops to thwart the rebels. Jackson vetoed the Second Bank of the United States, and eventually caused the Panic of 1837.

Chapter 8: Events

France and Britain fought in Europe that eventually spread into North America. The desire of British colonists to take over French outposts was by the simple cause of the trade of fur. The French had allied themselves with the Native Americans to fight against the British in the 1750s, thus being called the French and Indian War. It was the first, but not last, war where the Native Americans allied with another faction of a different country. In the British provinces of New York, William Shirley destroyed Louisbourg, but was given back to the French (fully restored) in 1748, ending the war of King George (name of operation).

The Development of American Independence by 1763 (Revision)

Between the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England.

Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.

By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.

In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.

Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.

In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.

Chapter 8: Concepts

Plantation owner (with slaves of course), George Washington, believed to have let his people down and accomplish some objectives. The Farewell Address, delivered by George Washington in 1796, had been prepared by James Madison before Washington's retirement in the second term of being president. The article focused on the "people of the United States", and presented his long-term service during the French and Indian War up unto the Declaration of Independence. The writing highlights the importance of unity, the threat within politics, religion, and his own failures to the public. He convinces the Americans to be wary of foreign influence in the states and the falsification of patriotism. During the publishing of the document, the precursor to the American Revolution for independence, emerged by the Great Awakening. The Tennent family of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, most notably Gilbert Tennent, were the first to manifest the start of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.

The Development of American Independence by 1763

Between the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England.

Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.

By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.

In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.

Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.

In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.