Tuesday, November 22, 2011
Chapter 8: Events
France and Britain fought in Europe that eventually spread into North America. The desire of British colonists to take over French outposts was by the simple cause of the trade of fur. The French had allied themselves with the Native Americans to fight against the British in the 1750s, thus being called the French and Indian War. It was the first, but not last, war where the Native Americans allied with another faction of a different country. In the British provinces of New York, William Shirley destroyed Louisbourg, but was given back to the French (fully restored) in 1748, ending the war of King George (name of operation).
The Development of American Independence by 1763 (Revision)
Between the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England.
Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.
By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.
In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.
Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.
In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.
Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.
By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.
In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.
Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.
In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.
Sunday, November 20, 2011
Chapter 8: Concepts
Plantation owner (with slaves of course), George Washington, believed to have let his people down and accomplish some objectives. The Farewell Address, delivered by George Washington in 1796, had been prepared by James Madison before Washington's retirement in the second term of being president. The article focused on the "people of the United States", and presented his long-term service during the French and Indian War up unto the Declaration of Independence. The writing highlights the importance of unity, the threat within politics, religion, and his own failures to the public. He convinces the Americans to be wary of foreign influence in the states and the falsification of patriotism. During the publishing of the document, the precursor to the American Revolution for independence, emerged by the Great Awakening. The Tennent family of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, most notably Gilbert Tennent, were the first to manifest the start of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
The Development of American Independence by 1763
Between the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England.
Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.
By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.
In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.
Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.
In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.
Changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. Colonies removed themselves from their mother country, then extended liberty that was heavily deprived of in England. Society evolved into thinkers that were allied with the state government and/or the church. Social class structure became well developed in time to produce the Declaration of Independence.
By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson's letter of 1802 rephrases that the separation of church and state were avoid the forceful respect to religious groups.The government separated from the church, struggled to keeps its society pacified from its economy. While religious toleration remained, the government of the state had outraged its people economically.
In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilist relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system of their own. The mother country, Britain, had difficulty with the distribution of jobs, thus making it a burden for colonists to support their own families. British soldiers were given the right to be contained within the homes of colonists, igniting the outrage for independence by Bostonians. Thomas Hutchinson recounts the reaction to the Stamp Acts in Boston (1765) to be "one of the more explosive reactions to the stamp act" created by a chain of attacks from a mob rising against a rich merchant's home. This merchant, Andrew Oliver, was responsible for enforcing the Stamp Act. Colonists became dependent on their mother country, but Britain were in the equal position for they taxed the colonists. Great Britain could not distribute jobs properly and thus became worse for the colonists.
Building on English foundation of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. British soldiers were granted their impending freedom, and the influential independence flashed the lightbulbs of the English colonists. They began governing themselves and followed the path to independence and detachment from the mercantilist trade sprouted by the mother country. The boycotting in Boston spread to the southern colonies, helping to rely on American goods rather than British goods. Restriction of imports allowed Virginian colonists to "maintain the liberty" derived from their ancestors, as quoted by George Washington. Boston, however, had a system that granted soldiers a higher level of freedom, causing the emergence of independence and rioting.
In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industrious individual to rise on the social ladder. British soldier, for example, were granted a freedom no other citizen of Boston could receive. The soldiers were given a greater opportunity to work, but at the same time stole the jobs of colonists. The industrial rope-makers protested to regain their jobs they had lost, flourishing with riots to rise on the social ladder. Resistance was forced by Captain Preston by firing unarmed and rightful innocent which were left for dead. Samuel Drowne, a victim of the Boston Massacre in March 16 of 1770, testified against the soldiers who were shielded by defense attorney John Adams. Soldiers were able to attack, but colonists were not. Thus giving them the chance to rise in a class structure that the Americans aggressively abolished in conclusion by the Declaration of Independece.
Friday, October 7, 2011
Chapter 7: The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries - Policies, Agreements, Court Ruling, etc.
Policies, Agreements, Court Ruling, etc.
The first document that involved the freedom of religion was the Act of Toleration. This act was followed by the Maryland Toleration Act. These acts allowed anyone to join and be a Puritan as long as the rules were followed and sermons were attended. The partial church membership was granted to many other not eligible to participate in the church by the Half-Way Covenant, which was made in New England in 1662. The first notable change was the Maryland Compact that was during the sailing and settlements of today's North America. The French had also made an agreement that promoted civil unity, for example the rights to work in a field of State. This was the Edict of Nantes. F=
The first agreement of colonies was the Dominion of New England, which connected the English colonies and New England, but the geography prevented from any governing of one person within these areas. Proposals for the government set ups in towns and cities were made by the Fundamental Order of Connecticut. The order has some writings that truly resemble the Constitution, however it was for the colonies only. More strict laws were made, like the Navigation Acts. This prevented foreign trade by the shipping from New England to its colonies and vice versa. This forcibly developed colonies that were favorable to England, or in other words, the most successful and bountiful.
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Chapter 7: The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries - Places
Places
During the early eighteenth centuries, there were many colonies that were now established. One of the locations was the Chesapeake, which was the bay of Captain John Smith. One particular colony that still exists today is located in Virginia. The colony, Jamestown, was found in 1607 but was an official town until 1619. The Jamestown settlement was one of the colonies that experienced the crucial "starving time". In the east coast of North America is the Massachusetts Bay colony that was founded in 1628. The settlement resembled parts of New England at the time it was found. Most colonies were packed together as the Middle colonies. These colonies, which were thirteen, were located in the middle region where New York, Delaware and New Jersey are located.
The colonies that included the first African Americans were in the lower south.
Chapter 7: The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries - People
People (Individuals and Groups)
It should be noted that there were important individuals and groups of people who greatly influenced the process of the emergence of the New World. One of those individuals is Anne Hutchinson, whom developed interests in theology and religion. Her father was condemned for his views on the subsequent religions during the colonial era. Because she, her family, and others had new views in Puritanism, they were all forced to migrate to the colonies controlled by Puritans of New England, where they could freely practice their faith without interference;(http://www.annehutchinson.com/anne_hutchinson_biography_001.htm). Though not have practiced theology, Benjamin Franklin had so much talent that was exposed within America. He helped find a new nation through literacy by printing an almanac and his observations that he wrote down. Some of these observations were even scientific; (http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/).
Religion became more independent when congregationalists ascended. What they did was form congregationalism, which is a version of Protestant Christianity. One exception of congregationalism is that it does not submit to human authorities. More religious entities rose among the colonies, one of them being George Whitefield. Whitefield became a missionary in a new colony in Georgia in America. Before traveling to the colony, he preached and was surprised to find that people actually clung to his words.
Other races had their independent groups involved with religion. Huguenots were one of them, and they were the French Protestants. The followers' leader was John Calvin; (http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0824470.html).
Ambushed by deer hunters in December 1607, John Smith was captured by Indians. He was carried to the chief Powhatan, where his fate would be decided. Note that Powhatan ruled over the Powhatan Confederacy, a group of Native Americans who prevented the takeover of some of their lands by Englishmen. Powhatan was impressed by the instruments Smith had carried, so rather than being executed, Smith had been part of a ritual. In the ritual, it was revealed that Pocahontas was involved with the decision of John Smith's fate, so she was a hero to him. (Unfortunately, she was captured, converted to Christianity, and married John Rolfe).After saving the Jamestown colony, he had instituted a harsh policy, "He who does not work, will not eat." He then had an accident on October 1609, which prevented him from ever returning to Virginia.
Theologian Jonathan Edwards helped the Native Americans, because he was their missionary. He was acknowledged to be the the most important and original philosophical theologian. He delivered a sermon during the Great Awakening for the revival of religion at his First Church. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/). Another theologian, Roger Williams, believed in the freedom of religion and the separation of Church and State. He had also learn the language of the Native Americans to make fair deals with them.
Sir Walter Raleigh had something in common with Jonathan, Roger, and Benjamin. He had great talents such as poetry, writing, spying, and aristocracy. He had popularized tobacco in England. He was on Queen Elizabeth I's side. He had even heard of the "City of Gold" in 1594 and contributed to that legend through his writings.
Though important people struggled with their ideas given to the public and religious groups fought for freedom, there was still some diversity. Separatists had removed other ethnic groups (Africans and Indians) from major groups such as Puritans.
Chapter 7: The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries - Events
Events/Timeline
1607 - Due to little agricultural experience, the English settlers from Jamestown,Virginia of 1607 did not have sufficient skills to provide sources with food. Without food, the "starving time" slowly arrived as sources were depleted. Local Indians denied helping them and Captain John Smith, explorer, adventurer, and soldier, placed rigid discipline and agricultural cultivation that helped provide food sources. A gunpowder accident forced Captain John Smith to come back from England, but the colonists had to struggle through the chaotic winter, which started the "starving time".
1637 - Attempting to reconcile differences, the Native Americans and English settlers continued to have feuds and this foreshadowed the Pequot War of 1637. The Natives and the English were on a war against each other, as well as other Indian tribes away from Connecticut. Leaders Captain John Mason and Captain John Underhill burned the Pequot villages with the help of Mohegan and Naragansett tribes (http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1637.htm).
1620-1640 - There was religious conflict in the Church of England that worsened in 1625 when King Charles I became king. Charles I eliminated Parliament to neutralize his enemies, whom included some Puritans. Because Puritans wanted to practice their religion, they quested for freedom. These motivations lead them to gather their family into groups and settle in America. These English settlers traveled towards Massachusetts and West Indies islands for their commodity. The great migration heavily populated the English colonies, who were no longer starved.
1675-1676 - As problematic as the disagreements during the Pequot War and cause of the great migration, the Pequot War influenced Philip's War. Greatly ignored, this even was another cause from the English and Indian sides' fighting. Though not the actual name, Philip was a translated version of the name Metacom, Metacomet, or Pometacom. There was much property damage as well as deaths on both sides of the war.
1675-1676 - Virginians such as Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Englishman, labeled all Indians in general as enemies. They believed they had to "defend" themselves and thus started his own rebellion, known to us as Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon and some of the colonists were now against the Natives.
1688-1689 - A union of parliamentarians overthrowed King James II of England because his policies of religious tolerance became opposed. The king was opposed by his troubles with Catholicism and his close ties with France. This became known as the glorious revolution of England.
1620-1640 - There was religious conflict in the Church of England that worsened in 1625 when King Charles I became king. Charles I eliminated Parliament to neutralize his enemies, whom included some Puritans. Because Puritans wanted to practice their religion, they quested for freedom. These motivations lead them to gather their family into groups and settle in America. These English settlers traveled towards Massachusetts and West Indies islands for their commodity. The great migration heavily populated the English colonies, who were no longer starved.
1675-1676 - As problematic as the disagreements during the Pequot War and cause of the great migration, the Pequot War influenced Philip's War. Greatly ignored, this even was another cause from the English and Indian sides' fighting. Though not the actual name, Philip was a translated version of the name Metacom, Metacomet, or Pometacom. There was much property damage as well as deaths on both sides of the war.
1675-1676 - Virginians such as Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Englishman, labeled all Indians in general as enemies. They believed they had to "defend" themselves and thus started his own rebellion, known to us as Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon and some of the colonists were now against the Natives.
1688-1689 - A union of parliamentarians overthrowed King James II of England because his policies of religious tolerance became opposed. The king was opposed by his troubles with Catholicism and his close ties with France. This became known as the glorious revolution of England.
1689-1697 - Around the same time as the glorious revolution, the English and French were at a war for the ownership of North America. This war was named after King William III of England, King William's War. The French were allied with some Indians. These allies fought on English colonial settlements and raided some villages along coasts. During the time, many colonists were terrorized and killed by Indians.
Girl accused and tried for practicing witchcraft.1703-1791 - From the amount of restrictions applied when joining a religion, many had left. That is until Europeans wanted to revive religion. The Great Awakening swept over western Europe. The revival received contributions from the conditions in the colonies such as rationalism in New England.
1739 - British colony of South Carolina experiences high rates of slavery, including the death of sixty people. An Angolan named Jemmy led twenty slaves to organize a rebellion in the banks of Stono River. Most of the rebels were killed by white colonists while the group marched. Remaining survivors were traded in the West Indies and sold. The rebellion proved to be successful in a way that the slaves were treated minimally better than before.
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Chapter 7: The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries - Concepts
Concepts
At the start of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, laws and systems were applied to the New World and areas involved with it. These laws restricted certain races and religious groups from their freedom. One of the is the Headright system, where indentured workers got their piece of land IF they worked and survived within seven years. Indentured servitude was possibly one of the only ways of obtaining 50 acres of land when coming to an American colony. However, these colonies would have to be established by English owners who had the right to colonize land. These colonized lands that had their owner were called proprietary colonies. Settlements began due to the necessity of relieving England from their economic and social imbalances that were solid in 1600. So to expand the colonies, joint-stock companies were made. Joint-stock companies divided ownership into "shares", so stocks would be sold to high investors. The risk in investing was very minimal and helped the poor folks (http://szabo.best.vwh.net/jointstock.html and http://www.ushistory.org/us/2b.asp). An example is the Royal Colony of North Carolina, where all proprietors except for one sold their shares to King George II. North Carolina's population of colony grew during 1729-1775 (http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/history-of-north-carolina2.htm). To control colonies, mercantilism was established. What mercantilism did was regulate the Nation's economy. through trade from exports of raw materials such as tobacco, sugar. and cotton. These exports were carried by English vessels or colonial-built vessels whose destination was Britain This accumulated the wealth for European powers (http://www.landandfreedom.org/ushistory/us3.htm). However, there was a man by the name of Sir Robert Walpole who believed that if there were no restrictions in colonies the wealth would flourish. The British government would become stricter and people would rebel against the laws put in effect. This is where the term "salutary neglect" came to be during the colonial era. Meanwhile, in England, there were other individuals who wanted their own freedom and developed their own opinions. Puritans wanted to "purify" the Church of England. These protestants felt the morals from the Church were wrong. The time of these events was called puritanism because the Puritans, who were a branch of Christianity and collaborated into evangelicalism (group of Puritans), were so heavily involved (http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/purdef.htm).
Fighting for one's own beliefs and freedom became common, but not towards Natives and Africans. Slavery was seen mostly everywhere starting with the Spanish lords who practiced enslavement in Hispanolia, or the Americas. Slaves became known as "property", so there was a system of labor called encomiendas in which one master would be granted an amount of laborers whom they would take responsibility. The first person to use this labor system was Christopher Columbus, who took over the indigenous people and took advantage of them to find gold. African slaves were another wave of enslavement. They were used very much like the Natives. They were transported by vessels to England and North America. The way they were traded were through the Middle Passage over the Atlantic Ocean. The passage was in a form of a triangle, and this triangle was used as a guide for selling other materials to Africa and England and so forth. The African slaves were also granted freedom much like the Natives in the last struggle. Except that Africans were now segregated by the black codes. These laws limited political power and social mobility of the African American (http://home.gwu.edu/~jjhawkin/BlackCodes/BlackCodes.htm).
The economic status of America evolved, and people began getting taxed. A great example is taxed by giving up material gained from one's own property. Taxing is an example of tariffs. Tariffs helped develop transportation and different services for the people in the colonies, or better said, state.
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